Counties / Virginia / Caroline County

Caroline County, VA

FIPS 51033 · population 32,098 · outside every metro area

$366k
Zillow home value · 2026-06
The numbers

What this county costs and earns

Everything here joins on the county FIPS code, so each figure comes from the agency that publishes it with no name matching in between.

Zillow home value
$366k
▲ 4.3% year over year
Zillow ZHVI · direct
ACS median gross rent
$1,293
occupied-unit survey; not current asking rent
Census ACS · surveyed
Gross yield
n/a
gross yield cannot be computed without measured market rent
requires both measured price and measured rent
HUD 2-bed standard
$1,246
the Section 8 payment standard
HUD Fair Market Rent · direct
Independent price check

Do two methods point the same way?

Zillow estimates a current home value. FHFA tracks repeat mortgage transactions. Their growth rates should be read side by side, not averaged.

Both annual signals move in the same direction
FHFA five-year cumulative+57.9%not annualized · through 2025
0%ZILLOW ZHVI2026-06+4.3%FHFA HPI2025+6.5%
Annual changes use different methods and may use different periods. The comparison checks direction and magnitude; it does not create a blended estimate. Zillow county ZHVI pulled 2026-07-26; FHFA annual county HPI pulled 2026-07-28.
Owner-reported value$308k
Surveyed gross rent$1,293
Rent burden 30%+47.5%
Median year built1993
Housing composition

Who occupies the stock—and what it is

ACS 2024 5-year
7.2%vacant
12,920estimated housing units
Occupied tenure17.6% renter
owner 82.3%renter 17.6%
Structure mix92.3% single-family
Single-family 92.3%20+ units 0.1%Mobile home 5.9%Other 1.7%
ACS estimates describe the standing housing stock and occupied tenure. They do not measure current listings, transaction prices or asking rents.

Survey source: Census ACS 5-year — county housing value, tenure and stock · ACS 2024 5-year · pulled 2026-07-30. These values describe different housing universes and are not combined into gross yield.

Annual average covered jobs7,005▲ 6.3% from the prior annual release
Covered establishments742annual average reporting locations
Average weekly wage$957▲ 3.3% from the prior annual release
Largest private supersectorProfessional and business services27.8% of disclosed private covered jobs
Local labor base

Jobs, pay and private-sector concentration

2025
0%COVERED JOBS+6.3%WEEKLY WAGE+3.3%Professional and business services27.8%
Annual QCEW counts cover jobs located at reporting establishments. The industry share uses disclosed private covered employment; it is not a resident-employment measure or a forecast.

Workplace source: BLS QCEW — county employment and wages · annual county employment and wages 2025 vs 2024 · pulled 2026-07-31. QCEW counts covered jobs located in the county, not employed residents or the metro score’s CES/LAUS series.

County brief

What the local evidence says

01Decision frame

Caroline County presents a pricing-versus-liquidity tension. Zillow’s county median home value was $366,286 in 2026-06, up 4.27%. FHFA’s 2025 repeat-transaction HPI rose 6.5%. The measures point in the same direction but use different vintages and methods; they cannot form a unified appreciation rate. Resale-focused investors should investigate listing liquidity; income-focused buyers should be cautious until achievable rent is documented. That tension makes county-level price appreciation insufficient as a stand-alone underwriting case.

02Housing economics

No county market asking rent is published, so gross yield cannot be computed. HUD’s FMR is a payment standard, not market-rent evidence, and cannot fill that gap. The stated effective property-tax rate is 0.52%, a carrying-cost input that should not be assigned to Zillow’s median value. Address-level tax, insurance, maintenance and financing assumptions are needed to test carrying costs. The record does not publish insurance or maintenance costs.

03Demand & competition

Realtor.com’s 2026-06 MLS snapshot had 168 active listings, and 16.74% had price reductions. This is visible asking-market supply and seller-concession evidence, not closed-sale pricing or proof of buyer demand. The tax-return record shows net migration of 237 households; arriving movers’ average income exceeded departures by $11,353, calculated from reported averages. Investor purchase mortgages represented 3.28% of 640 purchases, limiting observed financed investor competition but not revealing cash activity or submarkets.

04Risk & next checks

Risk limits remain material. The 2025 QCEW count was 7,005 covered jobs at county workplaces, not resident employment or a forecast; Professional and business services is only the largest disclosed private supersector. Modeled annual climate loss equals 0.12% of building value, consistent with inland flood, but is not parcel-specific. Obtain flood zone, elevation, loss history and insurance quotes; closed sales and absorption; and rent comps and lease-up evidence. Their absence prevents site-level flood-cost, exit-price and income-yield conclusions.

Cities & communities

Where people live within Caroline County

Census-recognized incorporated places and CDPs that intersect this county. The list does not pretend to include every neighborhood or informal community.

Population scale

Largest Census places

ACS 2024 5-year
Lake Land'Or CDP4.4KLake Caroline CDP2.9KBowling Green town1.6KPort Royal town89
Bars use total place population, not a county-share estimate. An asterisk marks a place that crosses a county line.
Official directory

4 Census places

Population
  1. 01
    Lake Land'Or CDPCensus-designated place
    4,390
  2. 02
    Lake Caroline CDPCensus-designated place
    2,862
  3. 03
    Bowling Green townIncorporated place
    1,561
  4. 04
    Port Royal townIncorporated place
    89

Population is the total place-wide ACS estimate, not an allocated county share. A place crossing a county line is labelled explicitly. Source: Census ACS 5-year — cities and communities · ACS 2024 5-year · pulled 2026-07-30.

Risk, demand and competition

The three things a price does not tell you

01
Risk & carrying costFEMA NRI + Census ACS
Dominant hazardinland flooding

0.121% of building value expected lost per year

Effective property tax0.52%

$1,597 median annual bill

02
DemandIRS SOI household flows
Net migration+237

1,290 in · 1,053 out

Arriving vs leaving income+$11,353

$64,328 arriving · $52,975 leaving

03
CompetitionHMDA financed purchases
Purchases by investors3.3%

21 of 640 mortgages

investorother financed
Current listing pressure

What sellers and visible supply are doing

Realtor.com® Economic Research · county inventory 2026-06 · pulled 2026-07-28
Active listings168▲ 103.6% year over year
Median days on market46▲ 27.8% year over year
Listings price-reduced16.7%seller-concession signal
Median listing pricen/a▼ 0.9% year over year

Listing price is an asking price, not a closed sale. Quality-flagged county rows are withheld instead of displayed.

No rent index is published for this county.Zillow’s county rent series does not cover every county, and estimating one from a neighbouring county would be a guess wearing a number’s clothes. Everything above is measured here; no wider market is mapped for it either.
Bear case

What can break the county thesis

  1. Unpublished market rent could leave the observed price unsupported by achievable property income.
  2. Parcel flood exposure and insurance costs may differ materially from the county climate-loss model.
  3. MLS asking-market conditions may diverge from closed-sale pricing and actual absorption.
Underwriting questions

Before pricing a property

Can gross yield be calculated from this record?

No. County market asking rent is not published, and HUD FMR cannot substitute for market rent.

Does the employment figure measure residents working in Caroline County?

No. QCEW reports annual covered employment at workplaces located in the county.

What does the climate-loss figure represent?

It is a modeled annual expected loss share of building value, not a parcel-specific flood-loss estimate.